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不同質(zhì)量濃度瀝青質(zhì)溶液界面張力、界面剪切黏度及粒徑分布圖【上】

來(lái)源:石油天然氣學(xué)報(bào) 瀏覽 86 次 發(fā)布時(shí)間:2025-08-20

瀝青質(zhì)是原油里面的一種活性組分,對(duì)原油乳狀液穩(wěn)定性起著重要作用。采用界面張力儀、表面黏彈性?xún)x研究了從渤海SZ36-1油田A7井原油中提取的瀝青質(zhì)組分配制成的模擬油與A7井模擬水間的界面張力、界面剪切黏度,并利用納米粒度分析儀測(cè)定了不同質(zhì)量濃度瀝青質(zhì)溶液的粒徑分布形態(tài)。研究表明,瀝青質(zhì)模擬油–模擬水體系界面張力隨瀝青質(zhì)質(zhì)量濃度增加而逐漸降低;瀝青質(zhì)質(zhì)量濃度為1、3、5 mg/L時(shí),瀝青質(zhì)模擬油–模擬水體系界面剪切黏度隨瀝青質(zhì)質(zhì)量濃度增加而增加;瀝青質(zhì)質(zhì)量濃度介于10~30 mg/L時(shí),瀝青質(zhì)模擬油–模擬水體系界面剪切黏度隨瀝青質(zhì)質(zhì)量濃度增加而減??;瀝青質(zhì)質(zhì)量濃度介于30~100 mg/L時(shí),瀝青質(zhì)模擬油–模擬水體系界面剪切黏度隨瀝青質(zhì)質(zhì)量濃度增加變化不大。瀝青質(zhì)質(zhì)量濃度低于20 mg/L時(shí),瀝青質(zhì)在二甲苯–煤油體系中粒徑分布均一,且隨著瀝青質(zhì)質(zhì)量濃度增加,瀝青質(zhì)分散粒徑增大;瀝青質(zhì)質(zhì)量濃度高于20 mg/L時(shí),瀝青質(zhì)在二甲苯–煤油體系中粒徑分布范圍較寬,且出現(xiàn)多個(gè)峰值,瀝青質(zhì)分子呈締合分布狀態(tài)。該研究成果有助于瀝青質(zhì)對(duì)原油乳狀液穩(wěn)定性影響機(jī)理的研究,對(duì)油田采出液進(jìn)行破乳分離具有一定的指導(dǎo)意義。


1.引言


瀝青質(zhì)不溶于低級(jí)正構(gòu)烷烴(C5~C8),能溶于苯或甲苯等芳香烴,較原油中其他組分相對(duì)分子量大、極性強(qiáng)。瀝青質(zhì)是原油中的一種天然乳化劑,對(duì)原油乳狀液的穩(wěn)定性起著重要作用。許多研究表明,對(duì)于大多數(shù)原油來(lái)說(shuō),瀝青質(zhì)都屬于原油中乳化能力最強(qiáng)的組分,對(duì)乳化起著重要作用,無(wú)論以何種分散狀態(tài)存在,瀝青質(zhì)作為天然的乳化劑都能使原油乳狀液形成穩(wěn)定的乳狀液。瀝青質(zhì)的相對(duì)分子質(zhì)量大,其中雜原子含量高,極性基團(tuán)多,瀝青質(zhì)分子極易吸附在油水界面形成界面膜,這種界面膜不僅排列致密且機(jī)械強(qiáng)度高,能阻止水滴聚并,增加乳狀液穩(wěn)定性。瀝青質(zhì)分子很容易發(fā)生締合,通常以聚集體的形式存在于原油中,并且在原油中容易形成空間網(wǎng)狀結(jié)構(gòu),可以形成一定強(qiáng)度的保護(hù)性薄膜,提高乳狀液的穩(wěn)定性。當(dāng)溶液中油水兩相共存時(shí),由于瀝青質(zhì)分子極性強(qiáng),油相中瀝青質(zhì)分子會(huì)向油水界面移動(dòng)并吸附,吸附在油水界面上的瀝青質(zhì)分子首先形成單分子膜層,濃度較高時(shí)形成次層,從而構(gòu)成穩(wěn)定的界面膜,穩(wěn)定W/O乳狀液。


乳狀液體系穩(wěn)定性主要通過(guò)2種測(cè)試手段來(lái)評(píng)價(jià):一是測(cè)定油水體系界面張力;二是測(cè)定油水體系界面剪切黏度。界面張力的大小主要取決于聚集在油水界面上活性組分濃度的大小。界面張力越低,乳狀液越穩(wěn)定。界面剪切黏度的大小取決于油水界面是否有穩(wěn)定的膜結(jié)構(gòu)形成,以及成膜分子排列的緊密程度和成膜分子間相互作用力的大小。界面剪切黏度的大小是反映油水界面膜強(qiáng)度的一項(xiàng)指標(biāo),其值越高,原油乳狀液越穩(wěn)定。


瀝青質(zhì)在乳狀液中的分散狀態(tài)也會(huì)影響其穩(wěn)定性。研究表明,瀝青質(zhì)分子中雜原子含量越高,其極性越大,締合性越強(qiáng),締合數(shù)越高,締合體粒徑越大。瀝青質(zhì)分子的締合作用與溶劑類(lèi)型相關(guān),不同溶劑中瀝青質(zhì)分子締合程度不同,粒徑分布不同。


筆者通過(guò)測(cè)定瀝青質(zhì)模擬油與模擬水間界面張力、界面剪切黏度來(lái)考察瀝青質(zhì)在油水界面的聚集程度,測(cè)定瀝青質(zhì)在二甲苯–煤油體系中的粒徑分布狀態(tài)來(lái)考察瀝青質(zhì)在油相中的分散締合狀態(tài),進(jìn)而分析瀝青質(zhì)對(duì)油水乳狀液穩(wěn)定性的影響。


2.試驗(yàn)部分


2.1.試驗(yàn)材料與儀器


原油(渤海SZ36-1油田A7井原油),煤油(燕山石化公司煉油廠生產(chǎn)),二甲苯、氯化鈉、碳酸鈉、硫酸鈉、氯化鎂、碳酸氫鈉和無(wú)水氯化鈣(分析純)。


模擬水組分及質(zhì)量濃度:NaCl為7536.6 mg/L,NaHCO3為808.6 mg/L,Na2CO3為154.8 mg/L,CaCl2為95.3 mg/L,Na2SO4為197.4 mg/L,MgCl2為397.1 mg/L。


采用芬蘭Kibron dIFT雙通道動(dòng)態(tài)界面張力儀測(cè)定油水界面張力,日本協(xié)和SVR·S型界面黏彈性?xún)x測(cè)定油水界面剪切黏度,英國(guó)Zetasizer Nano-ZS型納米粒度及Zeta電位分析儀測(cè)定瀝青質(zhì)體系粒徑分布。


2.2.瀝青質(zhì)的提取


瀝青質(zhì)的提取方法按《石油瀝青組分測(cè)定法》(SH/T 0509-92)執(zhí)行。首先將10 g原油和500 mL正庚烷進(jìn)行混合,攪拌24 h,過(guò)濾;然后將濾紙、沉淀一起放入索氏抽提器中用正庚烷反復(fù)抽提;再用甲苯抽提濾紙至抽提液接近無(wú)色;最后將抽提液蒸餾去除甲苯后,放入真空干燥箱中干燥,即得到瀝青質(zhì)。


2.3.模擬油的配制


由于瀝青質(zhì)不溶于低級(jí)正構(gòu)烷烴而溶于苯或甲苯類(lèi)溶劑,為了使瀝青質(zhì)分散程度較好,試驗(yàn)準(zhǔn)確度較高,選取體積比為2:8的二甲苯和煤油的混合溶液作為溶劑。試驗(yàn)所需瀝青質(zhì)模擬油配制方法如下:稱(chēng)取一定質(zhì)量的瀝青質(zhì)并將其溶解于體積比為2:8的二甲苯和煤油的混合溶液中,配制成瀝青質(zhì)模擬油,搖勻,并用超聲波儀超聲10 min,使其完全溶解。



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